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S
saturation
In color management, the
purity of a color's hue, moving from gray to the pure
color.
scalability
A measure of how well a
computer, service, or application can grow to meet increasing performance
demands. For server clusters, the ability to incrementally add one or more
systems to an existing cluster when the overall load of the cluster
exceeds its capabilities.
scan
interval
For Process Control, the
time between successive checks for new processes started on the server.
You can configure this in the Process Control
snap-in.
schema
A description of the
object classes and attributes stored in Active Directory. For each object
class, the schema defines the attributes an object class must have, the
additional attributes it may have, and the object class that can be its
parent.
The Active Directory
schema can be updated dynamically. For example, an application can extend
the schema with new attributes and classes and use the extensions
immediately. Schema updates are accomplished by creating or modifying the
schema objects stored in Active Directory. Like every object in Active
Directory, schema objects have an access control list, so only authorized
users may alter the schema.
schema
master
The domain controller
assigned to control all updates to the schema within a forest. At any
time, there can be only one schema master in the
forest.
scope
A range of IP addresses
that are available to be leased or assigned to DHCP clients by the DHCP
service.
scope of
influence
In a domain environment,
a site, domain, or organizational unit; in a workgroup environment, the
local disk.
scrap
A file that is created
when you drag part of a document to the desktop.
screen
fonts
A typeface designed for
display on a computer monitor screen. Screen fonts often have accompanying
PostScript fonts for printing to PostScript-compatible
printers.
screen
resolution
The setting that
determines the amount of information that appears on your screen, measured
in pixels. Low resolution, such as 640 x 480, makes items on the screen
appear large, although the screen area is small. High resolution, such as
1024 x 768, makes the overall screen area large, although individual items
appear small.
screen
saver
A moving picture or
pattern that appears on your screen when you have not used the mouse or
keyboard for a specified period of time.
script
A type of program
consisting of a set of instructions to an application or tool program. A
script usually expresses instructions by using the application's or tool's
rules and syntax, combined with simple control structures such as loops
and if/then expressions. "Batch program" is often used interchangeably
with "script" in the Windows environment.
second-level
domains
Domain names that are
rooted hierarchically at the second tier of the domain namespace directly
beneath the top-level domain names such as .com and .org.
When DNS is used on the Internet, second-level domains are names such as
microsoft.com that are registered and delegated to individual
organizations and businesses according to their top-level classification.
The organization then assumes further responsibility for parenting
management and growth of its name into additional
subdomains.
secondary
master
An authoritative DNS
server for a zone that is used as a source for replication of the zone to
other servers. Secondary masters update their zone data only by
transferring zone data from other DNS servers. They do not have the
ability to perform zone updates.
secondary mouse
button
The button that you use
to display shortcut menus or other program-specific features. The
secondary mouse button is the right button on most mice and trackball
devices, and the upper button on other trackball devices, but you can
switch the function of the buttons in the Mouse Control
Panel.
Secure Hash Algorithm
(SHA-1)
A message digest hash
algorithm that generates a 160-bit hash value. SHA-1 is used with the
Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) in the Digital Signature Standard (DSS),
among other places.
Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL)
A proposed open standard
for establishing a secure communications channel to prevent the
interception of critical information, such as credit card numbers.
Primarily, it enables secure electronic financial transactions on the
World Wide Web, although it is designed to work on other Internet services
as well.
Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions (S/MIME)
A protocol for secure
electronic mail over the Internet.
security
On a network, protection
of a computer system and its data from harm or loss, implemented
especially so that only authorized users can gain access to shared
files.
security
descriptor
A data structure that
contains security information associated with a protected object. Security
descriptors include information about who owns the object, who can access
it and in what way, and what types of access will be
audited.
security
group
A group that can be
listed in discretionary access control lists (DACLs) used to define
permissions on resources and objects. A security group can also be used as
an e-mail entity. Sending an e-mail message to the group sends the message
to all the members of the group.
security
host
An authentication device,
supplemental to standard Windows and remote access server security, that
verifies whether a caller from a remote client is authorized to connect to
the remote access server.
security ID
(SID)
A data structure of
variable length that identifies user, group, and computer accounts. Every
account on a network is issued a unique SID when the account is first
created. Internal processes in Windows refer to an account's SID rather
than the account's user or group name.
security
log
An event log containing
information on security events that are specified in the audit
policy.
security
principal
An account holder that is
automatically assigned a security identifier for access to resources. A
security principal can be a user, group, service, or
computer.
security principal
name
A name that uniquely
identifies a user, group, or computer within a single domain. This name is
not guaranteed to be unique across domains.
select
To specify a block of
data or text on screen by highlighting it or otherwise marking it, with
the intent of performing some operation on it.
Serial Line Internet Protocol
(SLIP)
An older industry
standard that is part of Windows remote access client to ensure
interoperability with other remote access software.
serial
port
An interface on the
computer that allows asynchronous transmission of data characters one bit
at a time. Also called a communication or COM port.
SerialKey
device
Enables you to attach an
alternate input device (also called an augmentative communication device)
to your computer's serial port. This feature is designed for people who
are unable to use the computer's standard keyboard and
mouse.
server
In general, a computer
that provides shared resources to network users.
server
cluster
A group of independent
computer systems, known as nodes, working together as a single system to
ensure that mission-critical applications and resources remain available
to clients. A server cluster is the type of cluster that Cluster service
implements.
Server Message Block
(SMB)
A file-sharing protocol
designed to allow networked computers to transparently access files that
reside on remote systems over a variety of networks. The SMB protocol
defines a series of commands that pass information between computers. SMB
uses four message types: session control, file, printer, and
message.
server
zone
The AppleTalk zone on
which a server appears. On a Phase 2 network, a server appears in the
default zone of the server's default network.
service
A program, routine, or
process that performs a specific system function to support other
programs, particularly at a low (close to the hardware) level. When
services are provided over a network, they can be published in Active
Directory, facilitating service-centric administration and usage. Some
examples of services are the Security Accounts Manager service, File
Replication service, and Routing and Remote Access
service.
service (SRV) resource
record
A resource record used in
a zone to register and locate well-known TCP/IP services. The SRV resource
record is specified in RFC 2782, and it is used to locate domain
controllers for Active Directory.
Service Profile Identifier
(SPID)
An 8-digit to 14-digit
number that identifies the services that you ordered for each B-channel.
For example, when you order Primary Rate ISDN, you obtain two phone
numbers and two SPIDs from your ISDN provider. Typical ISDN adapters
cannot operate without configuring SPIDs.
Service Provider
Interface
Calling conventions that
back-end services use to make themselves accessible to front-end
applications.
service
ticket
A ticket issued by the
Kerberos V5 ticket-granting service (TGS) that allows a user to
authenticate to a specific service in the domain.
session
A logical connection
created between two hosts to exchange data. Typically, sessions use
sequencing and acknowledgments to send data reliably.
In the context of load
balancing TCP/IP traffic, a set of client requests directed to a server.
These requests can be invoked with multiple, possibly concurrent, TCP
connections. The server program sometimes maintains state information
between requests. To preserve access to the server state, Network Load
Balancing needs to direct all requests within a session to the same
cluster host when load balancing.
session
concentration
For Message Queuing, a
feature that typically reduces network bandwidth within a site and the
number of sessions between sites. Specially configured Message Queuing
servers with routing services provide session
concentration.
Session Description Protocol
(SDP)
A protocol that TAPI uses
to advertise IP multicast conferences. This protocol describes multimedia
sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session invitation, and
other forms of session initiation. SDP descriptors are stored in Active
Directory. SDP is described in RFC 2327 of the IETF.
Set
Applies any changes you
have made without closing the dialog box.
set-by-caller
callback
In Network Connections, a
form of callback in which the user supplies the telephone number that the
remote access server uses for callback. This setting spares the user any
long-distance telephone charges.
share
To make resources, such
as folders and printers, available to others.
share name
A name that refers to a
shared resource on a server. Each shared folder on a server has a share
name used by personal computer users to refer to the folder. Users of
Macintosh computers use the name of the Macintosh-accessible volume that
corresponds to a folder, which may be the same as the share
name.
shared
folder
A folder on another
computer that has been made available for other people to use on the
network.
shared folder
permissions
Permissions that restrict
a shared resource's availability over the network to only certain
users.
shared
printer
A printer that receives
input from more than one computer. For example, a printer attached to
another computer on the network can be shared so that it is available for
you to use. Shared printer is also called a network
printer.
shared
resource
Any device, data, or
program that is used by more than one other device or program. For
Windows, shared resources refer to any resource that is made available to
network users, such as folders, files, printers, and named pipes. A shared
resource can also refer to a resource on a server that is available to
network users.
shortcut
A link to any item
accessible on your computer or on a network, such as a program, file,
folder, disk drive, Web page, printer, or another computer. You can put
shortcuts in various areas, such as on the desktop, on the Start
menu, or in specific folders.
ShowSounds
A feature that instructs
programs that usually convey information only by sound to also provide all
information visually, such as by displaying text captions or informative
icons.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP)
A member of the TCP/IP
suite of protocols that governs the exchange of electronic mail between
message transfer agents.
Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
A network protocol used
to manage TCP/IP networks. In Windows, the SNMP service is used to provide
status information about a host on a TCP/IP network.
Simple Network Time Protocol
(SNTP)
A protocol used to
synchronize clocks over the Internet. SNTP enables client computers to
synchronize their clocks with a time server over the
Internet.
Simple TCP/IP
Services
Four TCP/IP services:
Character Generator, Daytime Discard, Echo, and Quote of the
Day.
simple
volume
A dynamic volume made up
of disk space from a single dynamic disk. A simple volume can consist of a
single region on a disk or multiple regions of the same disk that are
linked together. You can extend a simple volume within the same disk or
onto additional disks. If you extend a simple volume across multiple
disks, it becomes a spanned volume. You can create simple volumes only on
dynamic disks. Simple volumes are not fault tolerant, but you can mirror
them to create mirrored volumes.
Single Instance Store
(SIS)
A component that saves
disk space on the server by maintaining a single physical copy of all
identical files found. If SIS finds a duplicate file on the server, it
copies the original file into the SIS store and leaves a link where the
original resided. This technology is used only with Remote Installation
Services.
single
sign-on
A process that allows a
user with a domain account to log on to a network once, using a password
or smart card, and to gain access to any computer in the
domain.
single switch
device
An assistive computer
technology for people with mobility impairments. A single switch device
allows users to interact with a computer by using slight body
movements.
site
One or more well
connected (highly reliable and fast) TCP/IP subnets. A site allows
administrators to configure Active Directory access and replication
topology quickly and easily to take advantage of the physical network.
When users log on, Active Directory clients locate Active Directory
servers in the same site as the user.
SLIP (Serial Line Internet
Protocol)
small computer system interface
(SCSI)
A standard high-speed
parallel interface defined by the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI). A SCSI interface is used for connecting microcomputers to
peripheral devices such as hard disks and printers, and to other computers
and local area networks (LANs).
smart card
A credit card-sized
device that is used with an access code to enable certificate-based
authentication and single sign-on to the enterprise. Smart cards securely
store certificates, public and private keys, passwords, and other types of
personal information. A smart card reader attached to the computer reads
the smart card.
smart card
reader
A device that is
installed in computers to enable the use of smart cards for enhanced
security features.
snap-in
A type of tool you can
add to a console supported by Microsoft Management Console (MMC). A
stand-alone snap-in can be added by itself; an extension snap-in can only
be added to extend the function of another snap-in.
socket
An identifier for a
particular service on a particular node on a network. The socket consists
of a node address and a port number, which identifies the service. For
example, port 80 on an Internet node indicates a Web server. There are two
kinds of sockets: streams (bidirectional) and
datagrams.
software
decoder
A type of digital video
disc (DVD) decoder that allows a DVD drive to display movies on your
computer screen. A software decoder uses only software to display
movies.
Sound card
Accessory expansion board
for personal computers that permits recording and playing back
sound.
sound file
A sound file contains
information that Windows uses to play sounds on your computer. Sound files
have the file name extension .wav.
SoundSentry
A Windows feature that
produces a visual cue, such as a screen flash or a blinking title bar,
whenever the computer plays a system sound.
source
document
The document where a
linked or embedded object was originally created.
source
journaling
For Message Queuing, the
process of storing a copy of an outgoing message. Source journaling is
configured on a message basis and is set by the sending application. When
source journaling is enabled, a copy of the message is put in the source
journal queue of the source computer when the message arrives at the
destination (target) queue.
spanned
volume
A dynamic volume
consisting of disk space on more than one physical disk. You can increase
the size of a spanned volume by extending it onto additional dynamic
disks. You can create spanned volumes only on dynamic disks. Spanned
volumes are not fault tolerant and cannot be
mirrored.
special access
permissions
On NTFS volumes, a custom
set of permissions. You can customize permissions on files and directories
by selecting the individual components of the standard sets of
permissions.
speech
recognition
The ability to interpret
spoken words and convert them into computer-readable text. Speech
recognition programs allow you to enter text by speaking into a
microphone, rather than using a keyboard.
splitting
A Briefcase command that
separates the copy of the file inside Briefcase from the copy outside
Briefcase.
spooling
A process on a server in
which print documents are stored on a disk until a printer is ready to
process them. A spooler accepts each document from each client, stores it,
then sends it to a printer when the printer is
ready.
standby
A state in which your
computer consumes less power when it is idle, but remains available for
immediate use. While your computer is on standby, information in computer
memory is not saved on your hard disk. If there is an interruption in
power, the information in memory is lost.
Start Application
Enable
When checked, the server
DDE application automatically starts when a client DDE application
attempts to initiate a DDE conversation. When cleared, attempts to open a
DDE conversation succeed only if the server DDE application is already
running.
start-of-authority (SOA) resource
record
A record that indicates
the starting point or original point of authority for information stored
in a zone. The SOA resource record (RR) is the first RR created when
adding a new zone. It also contains several parameters used by other
computers that use DNS to determine how long they will use information for
the zone and how often updates are required.
startup
environment
In dual-boot or
multiple-boot systems, the configuration settings that specify which
system to start and how each system should be
started.
static dialog
box
A scripted dialog box
between the client computer and an intermediary device. This kind of
dialog box requires no response from the user.
static
routes
Routes in the routing
table that are permanent. Static routes are manually configured by a
network administrator. They change only if the network administrator
changes them. If the routing protocol is configured to support auto-static
routes (automatically added static routes), then the router can issue a
request to a protocol to get an update of routing information on a
specific interface. The results of such an update are then converted and
kept as static routes.
status
area
status bar
A line of information
related to the current program. The status bar is usually located at the
bottom of a window. Not all windows have a status
bar.
StickyKeys
A keyboard feature that
enables you to press a modifier key (CTRL, ALT, or SHIFT), or the Windows
logo key, and have it remain active until a non-modifier key is pressed.
This is useful for people who have difficulty pressing two keys
simultaneously.
Stop error
A serious error that
affects the operating system and that could place data at risk. The
operating system generates an obvious message, a screen with the Stop
error, rather than continuing on and possibly corrupting data. Stop error
is also called a fatal system error.
strict RFC
checking
For DNS, a form of domain
name checking that examines characters used in DNS names for compliance
with DNS naming requirements and valid character usage as specified in RFC
1123, Requirements for Internet Hosts - Applications and Support.
For strict RFC compliance, DNS domain names will use name labels made up
only of valid uppercase and lowercase letters, number characters, and
hyphens (A through Z, a through z, 0 through 9, -), separated by
periods.
string
A group of characters or
character bytes handled as a single entity. Computer programs use strings
to store and transmit data and commands. Most programming languages
consider strings (such as 2674:gstmn) as distinct from numeric values
(such as 470924).
subkey
A key within a key. In
the registry structure, subkeys are subordinate to subtrees and keys. Keys
and subkeys are similar to the section header in .ini files; however,
subkeys can carry out functions.
subnet
A subdivision of an IP
network. Each subnet has its own unique subnetted network
ID.
subnet bandwidth management
(SBM)
An IETF standard that
enables administrative control at the subnet level.
subnet
mask
A 32-bit value that
enables the recipient of IP packets to distinguish the network ID and host
ID portions of the IP address. Typically, subnet masks use the format
255.x.x.x.
subtree
Any node within a tree,
along with any selection of connected descendant nodes. In the registry
structure, subtrees are the primary nodes that contain keys, subkeys, and
value entries.
switch
type
The type of interface to
which your ISDN device is being attached. Switch type is also called
switch.
switching
hub
A central network device
(multiport hub) that forwards packets to specific ports rather than, as in
conventional hubs, broadcasting every packet to every port. In this way,
the connections between ports deliver the full bandwidth
available.
symmetric
encryption
An encryption algorithm
that requires the same secret key to be used for both encryption and
decryption. Because of its speed, symmetric encryption is typically used
when a message sender needs to encrypt large amounts of data. Symmetric
encryption is also called secret key encryption.
synchronize
To reconcile the
differences between files stored on one computer and versions of the same
files on another computer. Once the differences are determined, both sets
of files are updated.
system access control list
(SACL)
The part of an object's
security descriptor that specifies which events are to be audited per user
or group. Examples of auditing events are file access, logon attempts, and
system shutdowns.
system area
network
A network configuration,
usually on a separate Internet Protocol (IP) subnet, that gives data a
direct path to system hardware.
system
disk
A disk that contains the
MS-DOS system files necessary to start MS-DOS.
system
files
Files used by Windows to
load, configure, and run the operating system. Generally, system files
must never be deleted or moved.
System
menu
A menu that contains
commands you can use to manipulate a window or close a program. You click
the program icon at the left of the title bar to open the System
menu.
system
partition
The partition that
contains the hardware-specific files needed to load Windows (for example,
Ntldr, Osloader, Boot.ini, Ntdetect.com). The system partition can be, but
does not have to be, the same as the boot partition.
System
Policy
A Windows NT 4.0-style
policy based on registry settings made using Poledit.exe, the System
Policy Editor.
system
queue
For Message Queuing, a
queue that stores various types of administrative messages. Message
Queuing uses up to five system queues, all of which are private queues.
System queues cannot be deleted.
System
Restore
A tool that tracks
changes to your computer and creates a restore point when it detects the
beginning of a change. You can use the System Restore Wizard to select a
restore point to restore your computer to an earlier state when your
computer was functioning the way you like.
system
volume
The volume that contains
the hardware-specific files that are needed to load Windows on x86-based
computers with a BIOS. The system volume can be, but does not have to be,
the same volume as the boot volume.
systemroot
The path and folder name
where the Windows system files are located. Typically, this is C:\Windows,
although you can designate a different drive or folder when you install
Windows. You can use the value %systemroot% to replace the actual
location of the folder that contains the Window system files. To identify
your systemroot folder, click Start, click Run, type
%systemroot%, and then click OK.
SYSVOL
A shared directory that
stores the server copy of the domain's public files, which are replicated
among all domain controllers in the
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