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R
RAID-5
volume
A fault-tolerant volume
with data and parity striped intermittently across three or more physical
disks. Parity is a calculated value that is used to reconstruct data after
a failure. If a portion of a physical disk fails, Windows recreates the
data that was on the failed portion from the remaining data and parity.
You can create RAID-5 volumes only on dynamic disks, and you cannot mirror
or extend RAID-5 volumes.
RAM
random access memory
(RAM)
Memory that can be read
from or written to by a computer or other devices. Information stored in
RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.
raster
fonts
Fonts that are stored as
bitmaps. Raster fonts are designed with a specific size and resolution for
a specific printer and cannot be scaled or rotated. If a printer does not
support raster fonts, it will not print them. The five raster fonts are
Courier, MS Sans Serif, MS Serif, Small, and Symbol. Raster fonts are also
called bit-mapped fonts.
raw socket
A socket that provides
direct access to lower-level network protocols.
read-only memory
(ROM)
A semiconductor circuit
that contains information that cannot be modified.
realm
A set of security
principles, in a non-Windows networked environment, that are subject to
Kerberos authentication.
realm name
An identifying prefix or
suffix appended to a user name to enable appropriate routing and
authentication during a remote logon process.
rebinding
state
A state used by DHCP
clients to extend and renew their address lease when the current lease is
close to expiring. In this state, the client broadcasts to the network to
locate any DHCP server that can either renew or replace its currently
leased configuration. The rebinding state begins when 87.5 percent of the
client's lease time has elapsed.
recoverable
message
For Message Queuing, a
message that can be recovered no matter which computer fails, but that
uses more resources and is slower than an express
message.
recovery
agent
A person who is issued a
public key certificate for the purpose of recovering user data that is
encrypted with Encrypting File System (EFS).
Recovery
Console
A command-line interface
that provides a limited set of administrative commands that are useful for
repairing a computer.
recovery
policy
A type of public key
Group Policy object used by Encrypting File System (EFS) that provides for
one or more user accounts to be designated as recovery
agents.
Recycle
Bin
The place in which
Windows stores deleted files. You can retrieve files you deleted in error,
or you can empty the Recycle Bin to create more disk
space.
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
(RAID)
A method used to
standardize and categorize fault-tolerant disk systems. RAID levels
provide various mixes of performance, reliability, and cost. Some servers
provide three of the RAID levels: Level 0 (striping), Level 1 (mirroring),
and Level 5 (RAID-5).
refresh
To update displayed
information with current data.
refresh
interval
An interval of time used
by secondary masters of a zone to determine how often to check if their
zone data needs to be refreshed. When the refresh interval expires, the
secondary master checks with its source for the zone to see if its zone
data is still current or if it needs to be updated using a zone transfer.
This interval is set in the SOA (start-of-authority) resource record for
each zone.
refresh
rate
The frequency with which
the video screen is retraced to prevent the image from flickering. The
entire image area of most monitors is refreshed approximately 60 times per
second.
region
Contiguous chunks of
storage on a disk.
registered file
type
File types that are
tracked by the system registry and are recognized by the programs you have
installed on your computer.
registry
A database repository for
information about a computer's configuration. The registry contains
information that Windows continually references during operation, such as:
·
Profiles for each user.
·
The programs installed on the
computer and the types of documents each can create.
·
Property settings for folders and
program icons.
·
What hardware exists on the system.
·
Which ports are being
used.
The registry is organized
hierarchically as a tree and is made up of keys and their subkeys, hives,
and value entries.
registry
boot
The default boot option
used by most Windows DNS servers. When registry boot is used, DNS is
started and initialized using DNS parameters and their values as they are
stored in the Windows registry. You can use a Berkeley Internet Name
Domain (BIND) boot file as an alternative to this method of boot
configuration for DNS.
registry size limit
(RSL)
A universal maximum for
registry space that prevents an application from filling the paged pool
with registry data. The total amount of space that can be consumed by
registry data (hives) is restricted by the registry size
limit.
relative distinguished
name
The part of an object's
distinguished name that is an attribute of the object itself. For most
objects this is the Common Name attribute. For security principals, the
default common name is the security principal name, also referred to as
the SAM account name.
For the distinguished
name
CN=MyName,CN=Users,DC=Microsoft,DC=Com
the relative
distinguished name of the MyName user object is CN=MyName. The relative
distinguished name of the parent object is CN=Users.
relative ID
(RID)
The part of a security ID
(SID) that uniquely identifies an account or group within a
domain.
relative ID
master
The domain controller
assigned to allocate sequences of relative IDs to each domain controller
in its domain. Whenever a domain controller creates a security principal
(user, group, or computer object), the domain controller assigns the
object a unique security ID. The security ID consists of a domain security
ID that is the same for all security IDs created in a particular domain,
and a relative ID that is unique for each security ID created in the
domain. At any time, there can be only one relative ID master in a
particular domain.
relative
name
The partial DNS domain
name configured in individual resource records to locate and qualify the
record within a zone. The relative name is joined to the front of the
parent domain (domain of origin) for each resource record to form a fully
qualified domain name (FQDN) within the zone. In DNS Manager, the relative
name will correspond to fields that use record-specific name properties,
such as the Host computer name field used in an address (A)
resource record.
remote
access
Part of the integrated
Routing and Remote Access service that provides remote networking for
telecommuters, mobile workers, and system administrators who monitor and
manage servers at multiple branch offices. Users with a computer running
Windows and Network Connections can dial in to remotely access their
networks for services such as file and printer sharing, electronic mail,
scheduling, and SQL database access.
remote access
server
A Windows-based computer
running the Routing and Remote Access service and configured to provide
remote access.
remote
administration
The management of one
computer by an administrator working at another computer connected to the
first computer across a network.
Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service (RADIUS)
A security authentication
protocol based on clients and servers and widely used by Internet service
providers (ISPs) on remote servers in non-Windows-brand operating systems.
RADIUS is the most popular means of authenticating and authorizing dial-up
and tunneled network users today.
remote
computer
A computer that you can
access only by using a communications line or a communications device,
such as a network card or a modem.
Remote Installation
Services
Software services that
allow an administrator to set up new client computers remotely, without
having to visit each client. The target clients must support remote
booting.
remote procedure call
(RPC)
A message-passing
facility that allows a distributed application to call services that are
available on various computers on a network. Used during remote
administration of computers.
Remote
Storage
A data management service
used to migrate infrequently accessed files from local storage to remote
storage. Migrated files are recalled automatically and transparently upon
user request when the file is opened.
Removable
Storage
A service used for
managing removable media (such as tapes and discs) and storage devices
(libraries). Removable Storage allows applications to access and share the
same media resources.
rendering
intent
In color management, the
approach used to map the colors specified in an image file to the color
gamut of your monitor or printer. The color gamut is the range of color
that a device can produce.
replica
A folder within a replica
set.
replica
set
One or more shared
folders that participates in replication.
replication
The process of copying
data from a data store or file system to multiple computers to synchronize
the data. Active Directory provides multimaster replication of the
directory between domain controllers within a given domain. The replicas
of the directory on each domain controller are writable. This allows
updates to be applied to any replica of a given domain. The replication
service automatically copies the changes from a given replica to all other
replicas.
replication
policy
Rules that define how and
when replication is performed.
replication
topology
A description of the
physical connections between replicas and sites. In contrast, DFS
topologies describe the logical connections.
report
message
For Message Queuing, a
message that contains status information and is sent to report queues on
the source computer. Examples include test messages and route tracking
messages.
report
queue
For Message Queuing, a
queue on the source computer that contains report messages. Report queues
can be used when sending test messages and tracking message
routes.
Request for Comments
(RFC)
An official document of
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that specifies the details for
protocols included in the TCP/IP family.
reservation
A specific IP address
within a scope permanently reserved for leased use to a specific DHCP
client. Client reservations are made in the DHCP database using DHCP
Manager and based on a unique client device identifier for each reserved
entry.
In Admission Control
Service, an allocation of network resources, contained in a Resource
Reservation Protocol (RSVP) reservation request administered by the
Admission Control Service.
resolver
DNS client programs used
to look up DNS name information. Resolvers can be either a small
stub (a limited set of programming routines that provide basic
query functionality) or larger programs that provide additional lookup DNS
client functions, such as caching.
resource
Generally, any part of a
computer system or network, such as a disk drive, printer, or memory, that
can be allotted to a running program or a process.
For Device Manager, any
of four system components that control how the devices on a computer work.
These four system resources are interrupt request (IRQ) lines, direct
memory access (DMA) channels, input/output (I/O) ports, and memory
addresses.
For server clusters, a
physical or logical entity that is capable of being managed by a cluster,
brought online and taken offline, and moved between nodes. A resource can
be owned only by a single node at any point in time.
resource
allocation
The process of
distributing a computer system's facilities to different components of a
job in order to perform the job.
Resource
DLL
A dynamic-link library
(DLL) containing an implementation of the Resource application programming
interface (API) for a specific type of resource. The Resource DLL is
loaded into the address space of its Resource
Monitor.
resource
domain
A
Windows NT 4.0 domain that is used for hosting file, print, and
other application services.
Resource
Monitor
A cluster software
component that facilitates communication between a node's server cluster
and one or more of its resources.
resource record
(RR)
Standard DNS database
structure containing information used to process DNS queries. For example,
an address (A) type resource record contains IP address corresponding to a
host name. Most of the basic resource record types are defined in RFC
1035, but additional RR types have been defined in other RFCs and approved
for use with DNS.
resource record set
(RRset)
A collection of more than
one resource record returned in a query response by a DNS server. Resource
record sets (RRsets) are used in responses where more than one record is
part of the answer.
Resource Reservation Protocol
(RSVP)
A signaling protocol that
allows the sender and receiver in a communication to set up a reserved
highway for data transmission with a specified quality of
service.
response
In Windows remote access,
strings expected from the device, which can contain
macros.
response
message
For Message Queuing, a
message sent by a receiving application to the response queue specified by
a sending application. Any available queue can be specified as a response
queue.
response
queue
For Message Queuing, a
queue that is created by the sending application and used by the receiving
application to reply to messages. For example, an application might send a
response message to a response queue every time the application receives a
message.
Restore
Point
A representation of a
stored state of your computer. Restore point is created by System Restore
at specific intervals and when System Restore detects the beginning of a
change to your computer. Also, restore point can be created by you
manually at any time.
retry
interval
The time, in seconds
after the refresh interval expires, used by secondary masters of a zone to
determine how often to try and retry contacting its source for zone data
to see if its replicated zone data needs to be refreshed. This interval is
set in the SOA (start-of-authority) resource record for each
zone.
reverse
lookup
In DNS, a query process
by which the IP address of a host computer is searched to find its
friendly DNS domain name. In DNS Manager, reverse lookup zones are based
on the in-addr.arpa domain name and typically hold pointer (PTR) resource
records.
RGB color
space
Multidimensional color
space consisting of the red, green, and blue intensities that make up a
given color. This system is typically used in scanners, digital cameras,
computer monitors, and computer printers.
right-click
To position the mouse
over an object, and then press and release the secondary (right) mouse
button. Right-clicking opens a shortcut menu that contains useful
commands, which change depending on where you click.
roaming user
profile
A server-based user
profile that is downloaded to the local computer when a user logs on and
that is updated both locally and on the server when the user logs off. A
roaming user profile is available from the server when logging on to a
workstation or server computer. When logging on, the user can use the
local user profile if it is more current than the copy on the
server.
rolling
upgrade
In a cluster, the process
of upgrading cluster nodes by turns while the other nodes continue to
provide service.
ROM
An acronym for Read-Only
Memory, a semiconductor circuit into which code or data is permanently
installed by the manufacturing process. ROM contains instructions or data
that can be read but not modified.
root
The highest or uppermost
level in a hierarchically organized set of information. The root is the
point from which further subsets are branched in a logical sequence that
moves from a broad or general focus to narrower
perspectives.
root
authority
The certification
authority (CA) at the top of a certification hierarchy. The root CA has a
self-signed certificate. Also called the root certification
authority.
root
certificate
A self-signed
certification authority certificate. It is called a root certificate
because it is the certificate for the root authority. The root authority
must sign its own certificate because by definition there is no higher
certifying authority in the certification hierarchy.
root
domain
The beginning of the
Domain Name System (DNS) namespace. In Active Directory, the initial
domain in an Active Directory tree. Also the initial domain of a
forest.
root hints
Local information stored
on a DNS server that provides helping resource records to direct the
server to its root servers. For DNS, the root hints are stored in the file
Cache.dns, located in the Systemroot\System32\Dns folder. Root
hints are also called cache hints.
root
servers
DNS servers that are
authoritative for the root of the namespace.
round
robin
A simple mechanism used
by DNS servers to share and distribute loads for network resources. Round
robin is used to rotate the order of resource records (RRs) returned in a
response to a query when multiple RRs of the same type exist for a queried
DNS domain name.
router
In a Windows environment,
hardware that helps LANs and WANs achieve interoperability and
connectivity, and can link LANs that have different network topologies
(such as Ethernet and Token Ring). Routers match packet headers to a LAN
segment and choose the best path for the packet, optimizing network
performance.
In the Macintosh
environment, routers are necessary for computers on different physical
networks to communicate with each other. Routers maintain a map of the
physical networks on a Macintosh internet (network) and forward data
received from one physical network to other physical networks. Computers
running the Server version of Windows with AppleTalk network integration
can act as routers, and you can also use other routing hardware on a
network with AppleTalk network integration.
routing
The process of forwarding
a packet through an internetwork from a source host to a destination
host.
Routing Information Protocol over
IPX (RIPX)
A protocol used by
routers to exchange information between routers on an IPX network and by
hosts to determine the best router to use when forwarding IPX traffic to a
remote IPX network.
routing
link
For Message Queuing, a
communications link established between Windows sites for routing
messages. Specially configured Message Queuing servers with routing
services enabled are used to create a routing link between
sites.
routing
services
For Message Queuing, a
service on a Message Queuing server that provides message routing
services. If so configured, this feature can be used on a Message Queuing
server to:
·
Enable computers that use different
network protocols to communicate.
·
Reduce the number of sessions by
acting as a gateway for all incoming or outgoing messages for independent
clients.
·
Route messages between sites over a
routing link.
routing-link
cost
For Message Queuing, a
number used to determine the route messages can take between two sites.
This number represents the relative monetary cost of communication over a
link. A routing link has a default routing-link cost of 1 and should not
be changed unless you have multiple routing links between two sites and
you want to enforce message routing over a specific routing
link.
RS-232-C
standard
An accepted industry
standard for serial communication connections. Adopted by the Electric
Industries Association, this Recommended Standard (RS) defines the
specific lines and signal characteristics used by serial communications
controllers to standardize the transmission of serial data between
devices. The letter C signifies the third in a
series.
RSA
A widely used
public/private key algorithm. It is the default cryptographic service
provider (CSP) for Microsoft Windows. It was patented by RSA Data
Security, Inc. in 1977. |
